Managing the Night-time Economy: Server training Programmes, and Environmental Regulation

Graham, K and Homel, R (1997) Creating Safer Bars, in Plant, M.A, Single, E; and Stockwell, T (eds) Alcohol: Minimising the Harms: What Works London: Free Association Books.
The book presents a non ideological and pragmatic review of the effectiveness of key strategies designed to achieve a significant reduction in levels of problem drinking. These strategies are described and assessed critically by some of the world’s leading authorities and the use of alcohol and its related problems. Topics covered include the history of alcohol control, fiscal,/ supply controls, prevention at the point of sale; standard labelling of alcohol containers; driving under the influence of alcohol; creating safer bars; local regulation and enforcement strategies for licensed premises, for those who attended licensed premises.

Graham, K, Wayne Osgood, D, Zibrowski, E, Purcell, J, Gliksman, L, Leonard, K, Pernanen, K, Saltz, R.F & Toomey, T.L (2004) “The effect of the Safer Bars programme on physical aggression in bars: results of a randomized controlled trial”, Drug and Alcohol Review March 2004 23(19), pp 31-41
An evaluation of the effectiveness of “safer bars’, an intervention to reduce aggression in bars; the findings indicate the potential for a stand alone relatively brief intervention to reduce severe and moderate physical aggression in bars.

Haines, B And Graham, K (2005) ”Violence Prevention in Licensed Premises” , in Stickwell, T; Gruenwald, P.J: Toumbourou, J.W. and Loxley, W (eds) Preventing Harmful Substance Abuse, Chichester: Wiley.

Hauritz, M; Homel, R: McIlwain, G: Burrows, T, and Townsley, M (1998) “Reducing Violence in Licensed Venues Through Community Safety Action Projects: The Queensland Experience”, Contemporary Drug Problems, 25.

Homel, R, Carvolth, R, Hauritz, M, Mcilwain, G, Teague, R (2004) “Making Licensed venues safer for patrons: what environmental factors should be the focus of interventions?” Drug and Alcohol Review March 2004 23(19) pp 19-29.
The Queensland Safety Action Projects operationalized a problem-focused responsive regulatory model in order to make nightclubs and other venues safer. A problem-focused approach requires a careful analysis of the total environment of licensed venues, including drinking and its controls but also the social and physical environments, patron mix and management practices. We present new analyses of observational data collected in 1994 and 1996 in the north Queensland cities of Cairns, Townsville and Mackay. Major reductions in aggression and violence were observed, as well as improvements in many aspects of the venue environment and management practices. We do not argue in this paper that the interventions caused the environmental and management changes, although we believe this to be true. Rather, our assumption is that whatever caused them, some of the environmental and management changes were critical to the reductions in aggression. Regression techniques were used to identify those factors that best explained the declines in aggression. For reduced physical violence four key predictors were identified: improved comfort, availability of public transport, less overt sexual activity and fewer highly drunk men. For reduced non-physical aggression, four key predictors were: fewer Pacific Islander patrons, less male swearing, fewer intoxicated patrons requiring that management be called and more chairs with armrests. The analyses are consistent with the argument that the control of drinking is necessary but not sufficient to reduce aggression and violence.

Ker, K, Chinnock, P (2006) Interventions in the Alcohol Server Setting for Preventing Injuries, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Background: Injuries are a significant public health burden and alcohol intoxication is recognised as a risk factor for injuries. There is increasing attention of the supply-side interventions, which aim to modify the environment and context within which alcohol is supplied and consumed.
Objectives: To quantify the effectiveness of interventions implemented in the server setting for reducing injuries.

Rydon, P and Stockwell, T (1997) ”Local Regulation for Licensed Premises”, in Plant, M.A, Single, E & Stockwell, T (eds) Alcohol: Minimising the Harm: What Works? London: Free Association Books.

Saltz, R.E (1997) ”Prevention Where Alcohol is Consumed: Server Intervention and Responsible Beverage Service”, in Plant, MA, Single, E and Stockwell, T (eds) Alcohol: minimising the Harm: What Works, London: Free Association Books.

Wallin E, Norstrom T, Andreasson S (2003) “Alcohol Prevention Targeting Licensed Premises: A study of effects on violence, Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64 (2), pp 270-277
This research studied the effects of a community alcohol prevention program on violent crimes. Starting in 1996, a 10-year multicomponent program based on community mobilization, training in responsible beverage service for servers and stricter enforcement of existing alcohol laws has been conducted in Stockholm, Sweden. The project has been led by an action group consisting of members from the hospitality industry and the authorities. The intervention seems to have been successful in reducing violent crimes. This effect is most likely due to a combination of various policy changes initiated by the project. The findings support the notion that community action projects working on a local basis can be effective in decreasing alcohol-related problems at licensed premises.

Wells, S; Graham, K; and West, P (1998) ‘“The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”: Responses by Security Staff to Aggressive Incidents in Public Drinking Settings”, Journal of Drug Issues (28), pp 817-36.

Warburton AL, Shepherd JP (2006) “Tackling Alcohol Related Violence in City Centres: Effect of Emergency Medicine and Police Intervention, Emergency Medicine Journal, January, 23 (1),
To identify correlates of alcohol related assault injury in the city centre of a European capital city, with particular reference to emergency department (ED) and police interventions, and number and capacity of licensed premises. Marked decreases in licensed premises assaults resulting from targeted policing were enhanced by the intervention of ED and maxillofacial consultants. Capacity of licensed premises was a major predictor of assaults in the city centre street in which they are clustered. City centre assault injury prevention can be achieved through police/ED interventions targeted at high risk licensed premises, which should also target the streets around which these premises are clustered.